California Gold Rush Narrative

Use the provided links to learn about the Gold rush:

San Francisco - Gold Rush
Gold Rush!
The Gold Rush
Once you have read through the websites, write a one page narrative pretending you are a forty-niner during the Gold Rush. You can have a family, you can go alone, or you can go with buddies. Describe a day in your life! Use details you found on the sites to support your narrative.

California Gold Rush Guided Notes

Take this sheet and make your own guided notes! Copy it into pages and remove certain words that you want your classmates to fill in!

The California Gold Rush, 1849

In January 1848, James Wilson Marshall discovered gold while constructing a saw mill along the American River northeast of present-day Sacramento. The discovery was reported in the San Francisco newspapers in March but caused little stir as most did not believe the account. The spark that ignited the gold rush occurred in May 1848 when Sam Brannan, a storekeeper in Sutter's Creek, brandished a bottle filled with gold dust around San Francisco shouting 'Gold! Gold! Gold from American River!' The residents of the city now had proof of the discovery and the stampede to the gold fields was on. San Francisco's harbor was soon cluttered with derelict ships deserted by their crews. Workers abandoned their jobs - San Francisco's two newspapers were forced to close their doors as their staffs were struck by gold fever. The populations of many of the coastal towns were depleted as prospective prospectors headed to the gold fields. The New York Herald printed news of the discovery in August 1848 and the rush for gold accelerated into a stampede. Gold seekers traveled overland across the mountains to California (30,000 assembled at launch points along the plains in the spring of 1849) or took the round-about sea routes: either to Panama or around Cape Horn and then up the Pacific coast to San Francisco. A census of San Francisco (then called Yerba Buena) in April 1847 reported the town consisted of 79 buildings including shanties, frames houses and adobes. By December 1849 the population had mushroomed to an estimated 100,000. The massive influx of fortune seekers Americanized the once Mexican province and assured its inclusion as a state in the union. S. Shufelt was one of those gold-seekers. All that we know about Mr. Shufelt is contained in a letter he wrote from the gold fields to his cousin in March 1850. We don't know if he struck it rich or whether he ever returned to his wife and home - we don't even know his first name. On May 11, 1849 he boarded the steamer Panama in New York City along with about 200 fellow fortune hunters risking all on a gamble in California. Behind him he left a wife and child in Windham, NY near the Catskills. Mr. Shufelt reveals his motivation when he tells his cousin that: "I have left those that I love as my own life behind and risked everything and endured many hardships to get here. I want to make enough to live easier and do some good with, before I return." These same thoughts no doubt inspired the majority of those who made the trek to the gold fields - they were not intending to stay, but planned to make some money and return to their origins. Mr. Shufelt's letter was discovered at an auction in 1924 and is now part of the collection of the Library of Congress. Passage to California On May 11, 1849 Shufelt sailed out of New York harbor headed for the Isthmus of Panama (at the time a part of Columbia). Although he experienced a few days of sea sickness, he describes the voyage as enjoyable. We pick up his story as he makes his way across the isthmus to the Pacific Ocean hoping to find passage on a ship bound for San Francisco: "(We) proceeded up the river in canoes rowed by the natives, and enjoyed the scenery & howling of the monkeys & chattering of Parrots very much. We pitched our tents at Gorgona & most of our party stayed there several weeks. S. Miller & myself went on to Panama to look out for a chance to get up to San Francisco. Of our ill success you have probably been informed & consequently of our long stay there, & of the deaths in our party. Yes, here Mr. Crooker, J. Miller & L. Alden yielded up their breath to God who gave it. After many delays & vexations, we at length took passage on a German ship & set sail again on our journey to the Eldorado of the west. We went south nearly to the Equator, then turned west, the weather was warm, the winds light & contrary for our course. Our ship was a slow sailer & consequently our passage was long & tedious. One of the sailors fell from the rigging into the water & it was known that he could not swim, so the excitement was great. Ropes, planks and every thing that could be got hold of was thrown to him. He caught a plank & got on it, a boat was lowered & soon they had him on board again. He was much frightened, but not much hurt. We had one heavy squall of wind & rain, that tore the sails & broke some of the yards in pieces, & gave us a quick step motion to keep upon our feet, but soon all was right again & we were ploughing through the gentle Pacific at the rate of ten knots pr hour. On the 85th day out we hove in sight of an object that greatly attracted our attention & ere long the green hills of San Francisco bay began to show their highest points, & soon we were gliding smoothly along between them, down the bay, & when the order came to let go anchor, we brought up directly in front of the City amidst a fleet of vessels, of all kinds & sizes." Mishap on the way to Sacramento "We took passage on a small schooner, crossed the bay with a gentle breeze & soon were winding our way up the crooked Sacramento. We soon entered Soosoon bay & our Capt. not being acquainted with the channel we ran on the ground at high tide & a stiff breeze, so that we were fast in reality. As the tide fell our little schooner fell also on her side & filled with water. We clung to the upper side, but were so thick that as night drew on the Capt. thought some of us had better go on shore. Some of our party went, myself among the rest. We came very near getting swamped on the water. We laid our frail bodies down to rest, & after a short nap the watch waked us with the sad news that the tide was rising fast & would soon overflow our resting place. Some found their feet asoak, others their blankets, & all jumped up exclaiming what shall we do, but we managed to keep out of the water by getting on old logs & bogs until morning, which being Sunday & being obliged to stay there all day made it one of the most unpleasant Sabbaths that I ever spent. At night the Capt. sent a boat and took us on board & at high tide at midnight we succeeded in getting off & after spending one week & getting fast several times more we at length reached Sacramento City to the joy of our hearts & the relief of our hands." On to the Gold Fields "We hired an ox team to carry our baggage & started for this place then called Hangtown, from the fact that three persons had been hung here for stealing & attempting to murder. Ten miles from the river we passed Sutters fort, an old looking heap of buildings surrounded by an high wall of unburnt brick, & situated in the midst of a pleasant fertile plain, covered with grass and a few scattering oaks, with numerous tame cattle & mules. We walked by the wagon & at night cooked our suppers, rolled our blankets around us & lay down to rest on the ground, with nothing but the broad canopy of the heavens over us & slept soundly without fear or molestation. After leaving the plains we passed over some hills that looked dry & barren being burnt up by the sun & the long droughts that we have here. We reached this place at night on the fourth day, & in the morning found ourselves in the midst of the diggings, being surrounded by holes dug. We pitched our tents, shouldered our picks & shovels & with pan in hand sallied forth to try our fortunes at gold digging. We did not have very good success being green at mining, but by practice & observation we soon improved some, & found a little of the shining metal. " Getting the Gold "It is found along the banks of the streams & in the beds of the same, & in almost every little ravine putting into the streams. And often from 10 to 50 ft. from the beds up the bank. We sometimes have to dig several feet deep before we find any, in other places all the dirt & clay will pay to wash, but generally the clay pays best. If there is no clay, then it is found down on the rock. All the lumps are found on the rock--& most of the fine gold. We tell when it will pay by trying the dirt with a pan. This is called prospecting here. If it will pay from six to 12 1/2 pr pan full, then we go to work. Some wash with cradles some with what is called a tom & various other fixings. But I like the tom best of any thing that I have seen. It is a box or trough about 8 or 9 feet long, some 18 in. wide & from 5 to 6 in. high, with an iron sieve in one end punched with 1/2 in. holes. Underneath this is placed a ripple or box with two ripples across it. The tom is then placed in an oblique position, the water is brought on by means of a hose. The dirt, stone, clay & all is then thrown in & stirred with a shovel until the water runs clear, the gold & finer gravel goes through the sieve & falls in the under box & lodges above the ripples. Three men can wash all day without taking this out as the water washes the loose gravel over and all the gold settles to the bottom. One man will wash as fast as two can pick & shovel it in, or as fast as three rockers or cradles." Life in Camp: "There is a good deal of sin and wickedness going on here" Shufelt lived in a cabin with six other miners. The cabin had windows, a fireplace and an oven. The miners' diet was poor with the result that many suffered from disease, particularly scurvy. Shufelt himself fell seriously ill, became deranged and was not expected to live but recovered in a week's time. He describes life in camp: "Many, very many, that come here meet with bad success & thousands will leave their bones here. Others will lose their health, contract diseases that they will carry to their graves with them. Some will have to beg their way home, & probably one half that come here will never make enough to carry them back. But this does not alter the fact about the gold being plenty here, but shows what a poor frail being man is, how liable to disappointments, disease & death. There is a good deal of sin & wickedness going on here, Stealing, lying, Swearing, Drinking, Gambling & murdering. There is a great deal of gambling carried on here. Almost every public House is a place for Gambling, & this appears to be the greatest evil that prevails here. Men make & lose thousands in a night, & frequently small boys will go up & bet $5 or 10 (Equivalent to $115-$225 today) -- & if they lose all, go the next day & dig more. We are trying to get laws here to regulate things but it will be very difficult to get them executed." References:    Mr. Shufelt's letter is part of the collection of the Library of Congress A letter from a gold miner, Placerville, California, March, 1850; Holliday, J.S. Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California (1999). How To Cite This Article: "The California Gold Rush, 1849" EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2003). Post Script: Filling in the Blanks: Since publishing this eyewitness account we have heard from a descendant of Mr. Shufelt who provided some additional information. His first name was Sheldon and he was born in 1818. He married his wife Margaret in 1844 and they had a son in 1847. Returning home from the goldfields, Sheldon was captured by Spanish bandits while crossing the Panama isthmus. He was confined and held for ransom. He managed to escape and make his way home but he had contracted a tropical disease from which he died in 1852 at age 34. His wife, Margaret, died in 1861 at age 42.  "California Gold Rush." EyeWitness to History. Ibis Communications, Inc.                     15 Apr 2013. <http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/californiagoldrush.htm>.

Gold Rush Vocab

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Trail of Tears

Monday's Lewis and Clark Webquest

Lewis and Clark webquest

Friday's review test on Sparknotes

Click me for the review

Search through the links on the left of the review for the answers. Work alone or in pairs. 

Guided notes for Thursday

                      CLICK HERE!                    

The Surge West

Summary

Name:

The westward movement of the American population occurred in _____________________ of settlement. The first began early in the nation's history, resulting in the statehood of ___________________, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio, all of which were admitted to the Union between 1791 and 1803. With the Louisiana Purchase the US doubled in size, opening up new regions to exploration and settlement. Once the _______________ ended, expansion began in earnest. The government was eager to enlarge the Union, and, accordingly, six new states joined the Union between 1816 and 1821: Indiana, Mississippi, _________________, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri.

Settlers of the west, called pioneers, usually migrated as families and settled along the rivers of the West in order to facilitate trade. Pioneers often settled among others who hailed from the same areas of the East, or shared similar customs or religion. For instance, Indiana was overwhelmingly populated by southern migrants. As a result, many New Englanders chose not to settle there and instead moved on to Michigan, which became primarily populated with former New England residents. Even before there were organized cities and towns, there was a strong sense of _____________________ and____________________ in the West. Inhabitants met regularly to participate in sports and hold fairs, parties, and "hoedowns," or dances.

There was a measure of rivalry between East and West, which was ever-present in the minds of many western settlers. Easterners thought westerners were ___________________ and _________________, and westerners in turn chided the East for its soft and luxurious lifestyle. The identity of the West grew up around the ideals of simplicity, openness, and honesty. This identity was universally known throughout the settlements, and the westerners strove to support it with actions, consistently trying to demonstrate their simplistic _______________________ to easterners and the eastern press, which painted the west as the domain of the unintelligent and backwards.

The federal government encouraged western expansion throughout the early nineteenth century. Most prominently, soldiers had been promised western lands in return for enlisting in the American army during the War of 1812. A total of ________________________ acres were dealt in this manner as "military bounties," and many soldiers moved west at their earliest convenience to find arable land for farming after the war's end in 1814. Furthermore, in ______________________, Congress authorized the appropriation of funds for the formerly postponed project of construction of a National Road, which by 1838 reached Vandalis, Illinois, and was widely used as a connection to western lands.

Commentary

In 1806, Zebulon Pike journeyed into the Rockies of what is now southern Colorado and sighted the peak now named for him. The Lewis and ____________________ explored land in the Far West. Both of these expeditions returned East with maps of the explored territory and stories that quickly became exaggerated into the legend of the West, which enticed many an easterner to risk the uncertain journey to the little known territory.

The first settlers of the West, who in settling opened the west up to further settlement, were entrepreneurial _____________________. In 1811, John Jacob Astor of New York, founded Astoria at the mouth of the Columbia River in Oregon as a center for the fur trade. In the 1820s and 1830s, fur trading grew up all along the Missouri river. Some white fur traders became legends in their own time for their astounding feats of bravery in surviving harsh conditions to gather and sell furs. These "______________________" included Jedediah Smith, Kit Carlson, and _____________________. All of them became intertwined in the legend of the West.

Ordinary settlers did not flock to the West in the hopes of finding adventure. The typical migrant sought a greater measure of _________________________. Indeed, it was not until the spread of canals in the 1820s and 1830s, or railroads in the 1860s, that settlers would even venture from the shores of the major rivers of the West. To most Americans, "the West" still referred to the area between the __________________________________________ and the Mississippi River. Before 1840, few ventured into the Far West. Knowing that the average migrant wanted stability and security, newspaper reports and pamphlets aimed at describing the West to easterners usually stressed the bountiful __________________________ of the region over its perils and sometimes harsh conditions. A legislator from the Missouri Territory wrote east in 1816 in efforts to encourage migration that in the territory of what is now the Midwest, "there neither is, nor, in the nature of things, can there ever be, anything like poverty there. All is ease, ____________________ and comfort." This description demonstrates the desire on the part of the federal government and the evolving western governments to encourage the settlement and development of the west, which they thought could serve as a great bounty to the nation as a whole.

The rivalry between East and West was a result of the sharp contrast between western and eastern life. Indeed, life in the west was rough, with only a sprinkling of elegance amid a vast sea of ____________________ and ______________________ with few modern amenities. The exchange of insults between East and West had a profound effect on western identity. Westerners prided themselves on their simple manners and were not only hostile to the decadent East but also intolerant of other westerners who demonstrated pretensions to gentility. Anyone who acted as if they were above the masses was ostracized, and even a politician who rode to a public meeting in a ____________________ instead of________________________ lost votes.

Vocabulary

1.       Facilitate-

2.       Primitive-

3.       Uncouth-

4.       Enlist-

5.       Entrepreneurial-

6.       Intolerant-

7.       Ostracized-

8.       Gentility-

9.       Pretensions-

10.   Obstacle-

11.   Squatter-

12.   Preemption-

13.   Subsistence farming-

Important people

1.      Zebulon Pike-

2.      Lewis and Clark-

3.       Jedediah Smith-

4.      Thomas Jefferson-

Ben Franklin Webquest

WebQuest: Benjamin Franklin's Life 

 

1.) When and where was Franklin born?

http://www.ushistory.org/franklin/info/index.htm

2.) What did Benjamin Franklin invent because he was sick of switching his glasses?
http://sln.fi.edu/franklin/inventor/inventor.html
3.) What did Benjamin Franklin create using electricity?
http://sln.fi.edu/franklin/inventor/inventor.html
4.) In 1776, what document did Benjamin Franklin sign?
http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_citizen_founding.html
5.) How many slaves did Benjamin Franklin own and what were their names?
http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_citizen_abolitionist.html
6.) What document did Benjamin Franklin publish to address educating former slaves?
http://www.pbs.org/benfranklin/l3_citizen_abolitionist.html
7.) Name six things that Benjamin Franklin created?
http://bensguide.gpo.gov/benfranklin/inventor.html
8.) When did the first lending library in America open?
http://bensguide.gpo.gov/benfranklin/librarian.html
9.) What was the name of Benjamin Franklin's newspaper?
http://bensguide.gpo.gov/benfranklin/printer.html
10.) When and where did Benjamin Franklin die? He was how old?
http://bensguide.gpo.gov/benfranklin/timeline.html
11.) What is an aphorism?  Give one of your favorite Franklin aphorisms?
http://sln.fi.edu/franklin/printer/abc.html

12.) What year did Ben Franklin propose Daylight Savings Time?

13.)  What did Franklin invent that is named after himself?

http://sln.fi.edu/franklin/inventor/inventor.html

14.)  Franklin was _________ in a family of ___________children.

15.)  Explain how Benjamin Franklin may be considered a true “Renaissance Man”.  Be Specific.

The American Revolution Webquest

Webquest

Baroque art

Stylistic Definition

The term Baroque is applied to various styles. In French, "Baroque" means irregular, and consequently, flawed pearl. Baroque painting and sculpture had a tendency to be :

• Stormy.
• exceedingly emotional
• more dynamic than earlier styles. The period is identified as encompassing an art of passion and theatrical displays
• more dynamic than earlier styles. The period is identified as encompassing an art of passion and theatrical displays. It is :
1. Forceful
2. Brilliant
3. Tense
4. Bursting with energy
5. Sensual
6. Extravagant

Look at a few examples of Baroque are on the internet and then choose an emotional scene from your favorite book and draw it following the above guidelines for Baroque art. 

Da Vinci Webquest

 

Click the image! 

Paintings

Choose one of the paintings below that you like the most and do the questions at the bottom.

Pendant Icon, 17th–18th century
Ethiopia; Amharic
Wood, tempera paint

 

The Coronation of the Virgin, after 1595
Annibale Carracci (Italian, Bolognese, 1560–1609)
Oil on canvas

Krishna Holds Up Mount Govardhan to Shelter the Villagers of Braj: Folio from the Harivamsa (Legend of Hari [Krishna]), Mughal period (1526–1858), ca. 1590–95
Present-day Pakistan, probably Lahore
Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper

 

  

Woman with a Pink, early 1660s
Rembrandt (Rembrandt van Rijn) (Dutch, 1606–1669)
Oil on canvas

Copy and paste these questions into the comments right below the questions:

1. Title of the painting:

2. Artists:

3. Paint Medium:

4. Name one strong feeling you have when viewing this painting: 

5. 8 sentence paragraph describing what you think is going on in the painting you chose: 

Dante

Dante's Inferno

Find 10 Criminals and tell me which ring they would belong in and why.

The Inferno follows the wanderings of the poet Dante as he strays off the rightful and straight path of moral truth and gets lost in a dark wood. Just as three wild animals threaten to attack him, Dante is rescued by the ghost of Virgil, a celebrated Roman poet and also Dante’s idol. When asked why in hell (pun intended) he came, Virgil answers that the head honchos of Heaven – the Virgin Mary and Santa Lucia – felt sorry for Dante and asked the deceased love-of-Dante’s-life, Beatrice, to send someone down to help him. And voila! Virgil to the rescue! He’s an appropriate guide because he’s very much like Dante, a fellow writer and famous poet. From Shmoop

Rings Description

Purgatory

---

You have escaped damnation and made it to Purgatory, a place where the dew of repentance washes off the stain of sin and girds the spirit with humility. Through contrition, confession, and satisfaction by works of righteousness, you must make your way up the mountain. As the sins are cleansed from your soul, you will be illuminated by the Sun of Divine Grace, and you will join other souls, smiling and happy, upon the summit of this mountain. Before long you will know the joys of Paradise as you ascend to the ethereal realm of Heaven.

Level 1 - Limbo

---

Charon ushers you across the river Acheron, and you find yourself upon the brink of grief's abysmal valley. You are in Limbo, a place of sorrow without torment. You encounter a seven-walled castle, and within those walls you find rolling fresh meadows illuminated by the light of reason, whereabout many shades dwell. These are the virtuous pagans, the great philosophers and authors, unbaptised children, and others unfit to enter the kingdom of heaven. You share company with Caesar, Homer, Virgil, Socrates, and Aristotle. There is no punishment here, and the atmosphere is peaceful, yet sad.

Level 2

---

You have come to a place mute of all light, where the wind bellows as the sea does in a tempest. This is the realm where the lustful spend eternity. Here, sinners are blown around endlessly by the unforgiving winds of unquenchable desire as punishment for their transgressions. The infernal hurricane that never rests hurtles the spirits onward in its rapine, whirling them round, and smiting, it molests them. You have betrayed reason at the behest of your appetite for pleasure, and so here you are doomed to remain. Cleopatra and Helen of Troy are two that share in your fate.

Level 3

---

In the third circle, you find yourself amidst eternal rain, maledict, cold, and heavy. The gluttons are punished here, lying in the filthy mixture of shadows and of putrid water. Because you consumed in excess, you meet your fate beneath the cold, dirty rain, amidst the other souls that there lay unhappily in the stinking mud. Cerebus, a canine monster cruel and uncouth with his three heads and red eyes, dwells in this level. He growls and tears at the damned with his teeth and claws.

Level 4

---

Just before the river Styx is the Fourth Level of Hell. Here, the prodigal and the avaricious suffer their punishment, as they roll weights back and forth against one another. You will share eternal damnation with others who either wasted and lived greedily and insatiably, or who stockpiled their fortunes, hoarding everything and sharing nothing. Plutus, the wolf-like demon of wealth, dwells here.

Level 5

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The river Styx runs through this level of Hell, and in it are punished the wrathful and the gloomy. The former are forever lashing out at each other in anger, furious and naked, tearing each other piecemeal with their teeth. The latter are gurgling in the black mud, slothful and sullen, withdrawn from the world. Their lamentations bubble to the surface as they try to repeat a doleful hymn, though with unbroken words they cannot say it. Because you lived a cruel, vindictive and hateful life, you meet your fate in the Styx.

Level 6 - The City of Dis

---

You approach Satan's wretched city where you behold a wide plain surrounded by iron walls. Before you are fields full of distress and torment terrible. Burning tombs are littered about the landscape. Inside these flaming sepulchers suffer the heretics, failing to believe in God and the afterlife, who make themselves audible by doleful sighs. You will join the wicked that lie here, and will be offered no respite. The three infernal Furies stained with blood, with limbs of women and hair of serpents, dwell in this circle of Hell.

Level 7

---

Guarded by the Minotaur, who snarls in fury, and encircled within the river Phlegethon, filled with boiling blood, is the Seventh Level of Hell. The violent, the assasins, the tyrants, and the war-mongers lament their pitiless mischiefs in the river, while centaurs armed with bows and arrows shoot those who try to escape their punishment. The stench here is overpowering. This level is also home to the wood of the suicides- stunted and gnarled trees with twisting branches and poisoned fruit. At the time of final judgement, their bodies will hang from their branches. In those branches the Harpies, foul birdlike creatures with human faces, make their nests. Beyond the wood is scorching sand where those who committed violence against God and nature are showered with flakes of fire that rain down against their naked bodies. Blasphemers and sodomites writhe in pain, their tongues more loosed to lamentation, and out of their eyes gushes forth their woe. Usurers, who followed neither nature nor art, also share company in the Seventh Level.

Level 8- the Malebolge

---

Many and varied sinners suffer eternally in the multi-leveled Malebolge, an ampitheatre-shapped pit of despair Wholly of stone and of an iron colour: Those guilty of fraudulence and malice; the seducers and pimps, who are whipped by horned demons; the hypocrites, who struggle to walk in lead-lined cloaks; the barraters, who are ducked in boiling pitch by demons known as the Malebranche. The simonists, wedged into stone holes, and whose feet are licked by flames, kick and writhe desperately. The magicians, diviners, fortune tellers, and panderers are all here, as are the thieves. Some wallow in human excrement. Serpents writhe and wrap around men, sometimes fusing into each other. Bodies are torn apart. When you arrive, you will want to put your hands over your ears because of the lamentations of the sinners here, who are afflicted with scabs like leprosy, and lay sick on the ground, furiously scratching their skin off with their nails. Indeed, justice divine doth smite them with its hammer.

Level 9 - Cocytus

---

This is the deepest level of hell, where the fallen angel Satan himself resides. His wings flap eternally, producing chilling cold winds that freeze the thick ice found in Cocytus. The three faces of Satan, black, red, and yellow, can be seen with mouths gushing bloody foam and eyes forever weeping, as they chew on the three traitors, Judas, Brutus, and Cassius. This place is furthest removed from the source of all light and warmth. Sinners here are frozen deep in the ice, faces out, eyes and mouths frozen shut. Traitors against God, country, family, and benefactors lament their sins in this frigid pit of despair.

The Crusades

1.       What are the crusades?

2.       What is the Holy Land?

3.       Who called for the defeat of the Turks?

4.       Name the three groups of people who answered the Call to Arms

5.       Which group of people succeeded in capturing Jerusalem in the First Crusade?

6.       What did the Peasant Army lack in the First Crusade?

7.       In what years did the Second Crusade occur?

8.       Which group took back much of the territory in the Second Crusade?

9.       Who led the Muslim Turks to Victory?

10.   Which King, in the Third Crusade, convinced the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land?

11.   In which crusade did thousands of children fight and end up never making it to the Holy Land?

12.   Brief summary of Horrible Histories video.

13.   Brief summary of Richard the Lionheart video.